[root@server1 named]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=server1
getway=192.168.1.1
[root@server1 named]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.0.149 host1
192.168.0.128 host2
192.168.10.25 nserv
192.168.1.12 server1
[root@server1 named]# hostname
server1
[root@server1 etc]# cat named.conf
//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
options {
listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
allow-query { localhost; };
recursion yes;
dnssec-enable yes;
dnssec-validation yes;
dnssec-lookaside auto;
/* Path to ISC DLV key */
bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";
};
logging {
channel default_debug {
file "data/named.run";
severity dynamic;
};
};
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
include "/etc/named.root.key";
zone "mohan.com" IN {
type master;
file "mohan.com";
allow-update { none; };
};
# open named.rfc1912.zones this file and copy line no 31 to 35 and paste on named.conf then configure the paste line.
[root@server1 etc]# cat named.rfc1912.zones
// named.rfc1912.zones:
//
// Provided by Red Hat caching-nameserver package
//
// ISC BIND named zone configuration for zones recommended by
// RFC 1912 section 4.1 : localhost TLDs and address zones
// and http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones-02.txt
// (c)2007 R W Franks
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
zone "localhost.localdomain" IN {
type master;
file "named.localhost";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "localhost" IN {
type master;
file "named.localhost";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "named.loopback";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN { ############ copy this ############
type master;
file "named.loopback";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "0.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "named.empty";
allow-update { none; };
};
vi /etc/named.conf
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
zone "int.com" IN {
type master;
file "int.com";
allow-update { none; };
};
[root@server1 etc]# cd /var/named/
[root@server1 named]# ls -l
total 32
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 08:18 data
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 06:34 dynamic
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 2075 Apr 23 2014 named.ca
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Dec 15 2009 named.empty
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Jun 21 2007 named.localhost
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 168 Dec 15 2009 named.loopback
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Mar 10 08:55 slaves
[root@server1 named]# cat named.localhost
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA @ rname.invalid. (
0 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS @
A 127.0.0.1
AAAA ::1
[root@server1 named]# cp -v named.localhost int.com
`named.localhost' -> `int.com'
[root@server1 named]# ls -l
total 32
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 06:33 data
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 06:34 dynamic
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 152 Apr 4 07:58 int.com
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 2075 Apr 23 2014 named.ca
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Dec 15 2009 named.empty
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Jun 21 2007 named.localhost
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 168 Dec 15 2009 named.loopback
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Mar 10 08:55 slave
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201504 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
zone name = int.com ############################
email= dns-domain.int.com ##############
[root@server1 named]# service named restart
Stopping named: [ OK ]
Starting named: [ OK ]
[root@server1 named]# ls -l data/
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 named named 1908 Apr 4 08:40 named.run
[root@server1 named]# service named restart
Stopping named: [ OK ]
Starting named: [ OK ]
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost server1.int.com
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost server1.int.com
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 52998
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;server1.int.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
server1.int.com. 5184000 IN A 192.168.1.12
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN NS server1.int.com.
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 08:56:54 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 63
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60D
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201505 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
www IN CNAME server1.int.com
cat
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
received control channel command 'stop'
shutting down: flushing changes
stopping command channel on 127.0.0.1#953
stopping command channel on ::1#953
no longer listening on 127.0.0.1#53
no longer listening on ::1#53
exiting
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201505
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201505)
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60D
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201506 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
IN MX 1 server1.int.com
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
www IN CNAME server1.int.com
root@server1 named]# service named reload
Reloading named: [ OK ]
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
received control channel command 'stop'
shutting down: flushing changes
stopping command channel on 127.0.0.1#953
stopping command channel on ::1#953
no longer listening on 127.0.0.1#53
no longer listening on ::1#53
exiting
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201505
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201505)
received control channel command 'reload'
loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
reading built-in trusted keys from file '/etc/named.iscdlv.key'
using default UDP/IPv4 port range: [1024, 65535]
using default UDP/IPv6 port range: [1024, 65535]
sizing zone task pool based on 7 zones
using built-in DLV key for view _default
Warning: 'empty-zones-enable/disable-empty-zone' not set: disabling RFC 1918 empty zones
reloading configuration succeeded
reloading zones succeeded
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server1.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201506
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201506)
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost int.com mx
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost int.com mx
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9593
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;int.com. IN MX
;; ANSWER SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN MX 1 server1.int.com.int.com.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN NS server1.int.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
server1.int.com. 5184000 IN A 192.168.1.12
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 09:18:27 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 95
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost int.com NS
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost int.com NS
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 35612
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;int.com. IN NS
;; ANSWER SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN NS server1.int.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
server1.int.com. 5184000 IN A 192.168.1.12
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 09:19:52 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 63
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost www.int.com
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost www.int.com
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 33173
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.int.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.int.com. 5184000 IN CNAME server1.int.com.int.com.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
int.com. 10800 IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. 201506 86400 3600 604800 10800
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 09:21:33 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 105
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60D
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201507 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
IN MX 1 server1.int.com
IN MX 2 server2.int.com
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
www IN CNAME server1.int.com
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
received control channel command 'stop'
shutting down: flushing changes
stopping command channel on 127.0.0.1#953
stopping command channel on ::1#953
no longer listening on 127.0.0.1#53
no longer listening on ::1#53
exiting
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201505
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201505)
received control channel command 'reload'
loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
reading built-in trusted keys from file '/etc/named.iscdlv.key'
using default UDP/IPv4 port range: [1024, 65535]
using default UDP/IPv6 port range: [1024, 65535]
sizing zone task pool based on 7 zones
using built-in DLV key for view _default
Warning: 'empty-zones-enable/disable-empty-zone' not set: disabling RFC 1918 empty zones
reloading configuration succeeded
reloading zones succeeded
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server1.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201506
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201506)
received control channel command 'reload'
loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
reading built-in trusted keys from file '/etc/named.iscdlv.key'
using default UDP/IPv4 port range: [1024, 65535]
using default UDP/IPv6 port range: [1024, 65535]
sizing zone task pool based on 7 zones
using built-in DLV key for view _default
Warning: 'empty-zones-enable/disable-empty-zone' not set: disabling RFC 1918 empty zones
reloading configuration succeeded
reloading zones succeeded
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server1.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server2.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201507
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201507)
[root@server1 named]# nslookup server1.int.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: server1.int.com
Address: 54.244.91.210
/etc/passwd
One of the most critical of all files in Linux is /etc/passwd. All user accounts are stored here, with identifying information like so:
username:password:userID:groupID:realname:homedirectory:shell
For example, a user “fred” who was added as user 200 and group 100 has an entry that might look like this:
fred:x:200:100:Fred Smith:/home/fred:/bin/bash
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=server1
getway=192.168.1.1
[root@server1 named]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
192.168.0.149 host1
192.168.0.128 host2
192.168.10.25 nserv
192.168.1.12 server1
[root@server1 named]# hostname
server1
[root@server1 etc]# cat named.conf
//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
options {
listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1; };
listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; };
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt";
allow-query { localhost; };
recursion yes;
dnssec-enable yes;
dnssec-validation yes;
dnssec-lookaside auto;
/* Path to ISC DLV key */
bindkeys-file "/etc/named.iscdlv.key";
managed-keys-directory "/var/named/dynamic";
};
logging {
channel default_debug {
file "data/named.run";
severity dynamic;
};
};
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
include "/etc/named.root.key";
zone "mohan.com" IN {
type master;
file "mohan.com";
allow-update { none; };
};
# open named.rfc1912.zones this file and copy line no 31 to 35 and paste on named.conf then configure the paste line.
[root@server1 etc]# cat named.rfc1912.zones
// named.rfc1912.zones:
//
// Provided by Red Hat caching-nameserver package
//
// ISC BIND named zone configuration for zones recommended by
// RFC 1912 section 4.1 : localhost TLDs and address zones
// and http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-dnsop-default-local-zones-02.txt
// (c)2007 R W Franks
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//
zone "localhost.localdomain" IN {
type master;
file "named.localhost";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "localhost" IN {
type master;
file "named.localhost";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "named.loopback";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN { ############ copy this ############
type master;
file "named.loopback";
allow-update { none; };
};
zone "0.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "named.empty";
allow-update { none; };
};
vi /etc/named.conf
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones";
zone "int.com" IN {
type master;
file "int.com";
allow-update { none; };
};
[root@server1 etc]# cd /var/named/
[root@server1 named]# ls -l
total 32
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 08:18 data
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 06:34 dynamic
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 2075 Apr 23 2014 named.ca
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Dec 15 2009 named.empty
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Jun 21 2007 named.localhost
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 168 Dec 15 2009 named.loopback
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Mar 10 08:55 slaves
[root@server1 named]# cat named.localhost
$TTL 1D
@ IN SOA @ rname.invalid. (
0 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
NS @
A 127.0.0.1
AAAA ::1
[root@server1 named]# cp -v named.localhost int.com
`named.localhost' -> `int.com'
[root@server1 named]# ls -l
total 32
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 06:33 data
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Apr 4 06:34 dynamic
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 152 Apr 4 07:58 int.com
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 2075 Apr 23 2014 named.ca
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Dec 15 2009 named.empty
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 152 Jun 21 2007 named.localhost
-rw-r-----. 1 root named 168 Dec 15 2009 named.loopback
drwxrwx---. 2 named named 4096 Mar 10 08:55 slave
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201504 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
zone name = int.com ############################
email= dns-domain.int.com ##############
[root@server1 named]# service named restart
Stopping named: [ OK ]
Starting named: [ OK ]
[root@server1 named]# ls -l data/
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 named named 1908 Apr 4 08:40 named.run
[root@server1 named]# service named restart
Stopping named: [ OK ]
Starting named: [ OK ]
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost server1.int.com
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost server1.int.com
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 52998
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;server1.int.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
server1.int.com. 5184000 IN A 192.168.1.12
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN NS server1.int.com.
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 08:56:54 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 63
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60D
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201505 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
www IN CNAME server1.int.com
cat
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
received control channel command 'stop'
shutting down: flushing changes
stopping command channel on 127.0.0.1#953
stopping command channel on ::1#953
no longer listening on 127.0.0.1#53
no longer listening on ::1#53
exiting
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201505
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201505)
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60D
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201506 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
IN MX 1 server1.int.com
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
www IN CNAME server1.int.com
root@server1 named]# service named reload
Reloading named: [ OK ]
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
received control channel command 'stop'
shutting down: flushing changes
stopping command channel on 127.0.0.1#953
stopping command channel on ::1#953
no longer listening on 127.0.0.1#53
no longer listening on ::1#53
exiting
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201505
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201505)
received control channel command 'reload'
loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
reading built-in trusted keys from file '/etc/named.iscdlv.key'
using default UDP/IPv4 port range: [1024, 65535]
using default UDP/IPv6 port range: [1024, 65535]
sizing zone task pool based on 7 zones
using built-in DLV key for view _default
Warning: 'empty-zones-enable/disable-empty-zone' not set: disabling RFC 1918 empty zones
reloading configuration succeeded
reloading zones succeeded
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server1.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201506
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201506)
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost int.com mx
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost int.com mx
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9593
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;int.com. IN MX
;; ANSWER SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN MX 1 server1.int.com.int.com.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN NS server1.int.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
server1.int.com. 5184000 IN A 192.168.1.12
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 09:18:27 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 95
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost int.com NS
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost int.com NS
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 35612
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;int.com. IN NS
;; ANSWER SECTION:
int.com. 5184000 IN NS server1.int.com.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
server1.int.com. 5184000 IN A 192.168.1.12
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 09:19:52 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 63
[root@server1 named]# dig @localhost www.int.com
; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.30.rc1.el6_6.2 <<>> @localhost www.int.com
; (2 servers found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 33173
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.int.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.int.com. 5184000 IN CNAME server1.int.com.int.com.
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
int.com. 10800 IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. 201506 86400 3600 604800 10800
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: ::1#53(::1)
;; WHEN: Sat Apr 4 09:21:33 2015
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 105
[root@server1 named]# cat int.com
$TTL 60D
@ IN SOA int.com. dns-admin.int.com. (
201507 ; serial
1D ; refresh
1H ; retry
1W ; expire
3H ) ; minimum
@ IN NS server1.int.com.
IN MX 1 server1.int.com
IN MX 2 server2.int.com
server1 IN A 192.168.1.12
www IN CNAME server1.int.com
[root@server1 named]# cat data/named.run
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201504
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201504)
received control channel command 'stop'
shutting down: flushing changes
stopping command channel on 127.0.0.1#953
stopping command channel on ::1#953
no longer listening on 127.0.0.1#53
no longer listening on ::1#53
exiting
zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 0
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201505
zone localhost.localdomain/IN: loaded serial 0
zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 0
managed-keys-zone ./IN: loaded serial 5
running
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201505)
received control channel command 'reload'
loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
reading built-in trusted keys from file '/etc/named.iscdlv.key'
using default UDP/IPv4 port range: [1024, 65535]
using default UDP/IPv6 port range: [1024, 65535]
sizing zone task pool based on 7 zones
using built-in DLV key for view _default
Warning: 'empty-zones-enable/disable-empty-zone' not set: disabling RFC 1918 empty zones
reloading configuration succeeded
reloading zones succeeded
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server1.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201506
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201506)
received control channel command 'reload'
loading configuration from '/etc/named.conf'
reading built-in trusted keys from file '/etc/named.iscdlv.key'
using default UDP/IPv4 port range: [1024, 65535]
using default UDP/IPv6 port range: [1024, 65535]
sizing zone task pool based on 7 zones
using built-in DLV key for view _default
Warning: 'empty-zones-enable/disable-empty-zone' not set: disabling RFC 1918 empty zones
reloading configuration succeeded
reloading zones succeeded
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server1.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: int.com/MX 'server2.int.com.int.com' has no address records (A or AAAA)
zone int.com/IN: loaded serial 201507
zone int.com/IN: sending notifies (serial 201507)
[root@server1 named]# nslookup server1.int.com
Server: 192.168.1.1
Address: 192.168.1.1#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: server1.int.com
Address: 54.244.91.210
/etc/passwd
One of the most critical of all files in Linux is /etc/passwd. All user accounts are stored here, with identifying information like so:
username:password:userID:groupID:realname:homedirectory:shell
For example, a user “fred” who was added as user 200 and group 100 has an entry that might look like this:
fred:x:200:100:Fred Smith:/home/fred:/bin/bash
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